
十月的華盛頓,一如往常風高氣冷,但特朗普的社交平台卻再次掀起熱浪。
他指責中國對稀土實施出口管制,是「對全球貿易的敵對行為」;他憤然取消原訂的「特習會」,揚言大幅提高關稅——一句話,世界兩大經濟體的關係,正式回到寒冬。
這場風暴,看似突如其來,卻又早有伏筆。
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事情是這樣的:
美國總統特朗普於10月10日在其社交平台發布長文(原文見文末備注)批評中國近期對稀土等稀有元素實施出口管制,視為對全球貿易的「敵對行動」,並宣稱中國企圖壟斷市場,威脅美國及盟國供應鏈。
特朗普表示,美國將被迫大幅提高對中國產品的關稅作為反制措施,並強調這將有利於美國經濟。他更直言「沒有理由」再與中國國家主席習近平在月底於亞太經濟合作會議(APEC)上會面,暗示雙邊關係降至冰點。
此話一出,美股應聲而倒,道瓊工業指數從本來上漲近200點,急殺至跌逾600點,那斯達克指數從上漲變成大跌了逾600點。
道指跌1.9%,納指跌3.56%,標普500指數跌2.71%,大型科技股普遍普跌,博通跌近6%,特斯拉跌超5%,亞馬遜跌近5%,英偉達跌超4%,蘋果、Meta跌超3%,微軟、谷歌跌超2%。
納斯達克中國金龍指數收跌6.1%,熱門中概股全部大跌,蔚來、金山雲跌超10%,嗶哩嗶哩跌超9%,百度、阿里巴巴、小鵬汽車跌超8%,京東跌超6%,拼多多跌超5%,愛奇藝跌超4%,理想汽車跌超3%。
中國最近動作頻頻,包括中國交通運輸部10月10日宣布,將從14日起對靠港中國的美國船隻徵收「特別港務費」,而中國商務部昨天宣布將14家外企列入不可靠實體清單,其中大多是來自美國和加拿大的公司,
中國自10月14日起對美國船舶收取特別港務費、中國海關嚴查 Nvidia AI 晶片進口、以及中國對高通收購以色列車聯網晶片公司 Autotalks 展開反壟斷調查等事件。
另外,中國商務部還宣布針對稀土與鋰電池材料相關物品與設備和技術實施出口管制。
分析指中方動作頻頻,可能是為為「特習會」爭奪談判籌碼,但今次可能已經弄巧反拙,環球經濟將進入以下新變局。
一、從「再工業化」到「再對抗」
在特朗普眼中,貿易不只是經濟工具,而是一場延續百年的國力競賽。
他相信美國的衰退始於對中國的妥協——供應鏈外移、產業空洞化、就業流失——一切都被他歸咎於「中國的不公平貿易行為」。
如今,中國選擇用稀土這一張「戰略資源牌」作為反制,美方視之為挑釁,也不足為奇。
特朗普的邏輯一向簡單:對手若出拳,美國必須還以更重的一拳。
而他深知,在國內選民眼中,與中國對抗早已成為政治正確的象徵——那不只是經濟議題,而是一場民族復興的宣示。
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二、稀土——「小金屬,大戰略」
稀土,是當代科技產業的「隱形血液」。
從手機晶片、電動車馬達、到導彈導航系統,無不仰賴這些微量元素。
中國掌握了全球約七成的稀土精煉能力,這意味著:若中國收緊出口,西方的高科技產業鏈將瞬間窒息。
特朗普形容中國「讓世界成為人質」——這句話或許誇張,卻並非全然無理。
供應鏈的全球化,本質上是一種脆弱的互相依賴。
以往美國以市場換取低價製造,如今卻發現,對手手中的「螺絲與礦石」,才是未來經濟的控制權。
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三、取消會面,不只是外交姿態
特朗普宣布取消10月底與習近平的會面,看似一時衝動,實則是戰術選擇。
他知道,談判桌的籌碼不在對話,而在壓力。
而取消會晤本身,就是一種壓力——向市場傳遞「我不怕撕破臉」的信號,也向盟友展示「美國仍是主導局勢的一方」。
但這一動作,也讓全球市場陷入新的焦慮:
科技股震盪、原物料價格波動、跨國企業重新盤點風險。
全球化三十年建立的信任,如今再一次被地緣政治推向解體邊緣。
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四、供應鏈的重組與「去中國化」的代價
特朗普上台以來,美國企業已逐步分散生產線——越南、墨西哥、印度都成為新寵。
然而,真正的問題是:離開中國,成本並不會消失,只會轉移。
中國擁有世界最完整的零組件生態與勞動效率,其「可替代性」遠低於政治口號所宣稱的那麼簡單。
對美國而言,「去中國化」既是戰略防禦,也是經濟自傷。
短期內它會推高通膨、削弱企業利潤,甚至可能動搖全球資本市場對美元體系的信任。
而特朗普的態度反應華盛頓政府越來越卻,願意承受這些痛苦——因為在他眼中,這是「美國復興的必要代價」。
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五、被「政治」劫持的全球化
中美的對峙,已不再是關稅與出口的爭端,而是兩種體系的對撞:
美國主張自由市場的主導權,中國追求產業鏈的主權化。
而夾在中間的,是無數跨國企業與消費者。
從特斯拉電動車的電池,到蘋果iPhone的零件,再到台灣、韓國、日本的半導體供應商——每一個節點都可能成為「地緣政治的受害者」。
當稀土變成武器,當晶片成為籌碼,世界已不再只是經濟互利的網絡,而是一盤誰能忍痛更久的棋。
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六、結語:當「脫鉤」成為命運
特朗普或許誤以為自己在打一場貿易戰,實際上,他正在推動一場歷史性的「文明脫鉤」。
這不僅是美中之間的裂痕,更是東西方價值、體制與信任的斷層。
從冷戰的鐵幕,到今日的供應鏈屏障,人類文明似乎總在重複同一個輪迴——
當我們最需要合作的時刻,往往也是最容易選擇對抗的時刻。
或許,真正被困在稀土與關稅之間的,不只是中美兩國,而是整個世界的未來。
備注:特朗普社交媒體原文:
Some very strange things are happening in China! They are becoming very hostile, and sending letters to Countries throughout the World, that they want to impose Export Controls on each and every element of production having to do with Rare Earths, and virtually anything else they can think of, even if it’s not manufactured in China. Nobody has ever seen anything like this but, essentially, it would “clog” the Markets, and make life difficult for virtually every Country in the World, especially for China. We have been contacted by other Countries who are extremely angry at this great Trade hostility, which came out of nowhere. Our relationship with China over the past six months has been a very good one, thereby making this move on Trade an even more surprising one. I have always felt that they’ve been lying in wait, and now, as usual, I have been proven right! There is no way that China should be allowed to hold the World “captive” but that seems to have been their plan for quite some time, starting with the “Magnets” and, other Elements that they have quietly amassed into somewhat of a Monopoly position, a rather sinister and hostile move, to say the least. But the U.S. has Monopoly positions also, much stronger and more far reaching than China’s. I have just not chosen to use them, there was never a reason for me to do so — UNTIL NOW! The letter they sent is many pages long, and details, with great specificity, each and every Element that they want to withhold from other Nations. Things that were routine are no longer routine at all. I have not spoken to President Xi because there was no reason to do so. This was a real surprise, not only to me, but to all the Leaders of the Free World. I was to meet President Xi in two weeks, at APEC, in South Korea, but now there seems to be no reason to do so. The Chinese letters were especially inappropriate in that this was the Day that, after three thousand years of bedlam and fighting, there is PEACE IN THE MIDDLE EAST. I wonder if that timing was coincidental? Dependent on what China says about the hostile “order” that they have just put out, I will be forced, as President of the United States of America, to financially counter their move. For every Element that they have been able to monopolize, we have two. I never thought it would come to this but perhaps, as with all things, the time has come. Ultimately, though potentially painful, it will be a very good thing, in the end, for the U.S.A. One of the Policies that we are calculating at this moment is a massive increase of Tariffs on Chinese products coming into the United States of America. There are many other countermeasures that are, likewise, under serious consideration. Thank you for your attention to this matter!
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